ACCA重要考点详解：Ethical threats

　　在ACCA考试中，Ethical threats职业道德部分可是一个每年必考、较为重点的内容，同时这个考点相对来说比较简单，是大家必拿分的内容，今天会计网就给大家总结关于Ethical threats职业道德部分内容，值得各位关注。

　　说到职业道德部分的考题，主要是指对于考察Ethical threats的题型，其既可能出现在Section A的选择题，也可能出现在Section B的问答题，但无论出现在哪部分基本都是以案例分析的形式出现，而且一般都是考察两方面的内容：

　　一方面是根据案例描述的情形确定是哪一类的threats，我们一共主要会涉及五种道德威胁，包括：Self-interest自身利益;Self-review自我评价;Advocacy过度推介;Familiarity亲密关系;和Intimidation外在压力。那根据历年真题的解答，将各种threats所对应的情形分别包括哪些列在下面：

　　Self-interest 自身利益

　　1) Undue dependence on fee income from one client.

　　2) Close personal or business relationships.

　　3) Direct financial interest in a client.

　　4) Concern over loss of significant client.

　　5) Contingent fee arrangements.

　　6) Member of audit team entering into employment negotiations with client.

　　7) The discovery of a significant error during a re-evaluation of the work undertaken by the member.

　　Self-review 自我评价

　　1) Member of assurance team being or recently having been employed by the client in a position to influence the subject matter being reviewed.

　　2) Involvement in implementation of financial system and subsequently reporting on the operation of said system.

　　3) Firm having prepared the original data used to generate records that are the subject matter of the assurance engagement, for example, preparing clients’ financial statements.

　　4) Performing a service for a client that directly affects the subject matter of an assurance engagement.

　　Advocacy 过度推介

　　1) Acting as an advocate on behalf of a client in litigation or disputes.

　　2) Promoting shares in a listed audit client.

　　Familiarity 亲密关系

　　1) Long association with a client.

　　2) Acceptance of gifts or preferential treatment (significant value).

　　3) Former partner of firm being employed by client.

　　4) A person in a position to influence financial or non-financial reporting or business decisions having an immediate or close family member who is in a position to benefit from that influence.

　　Intimidation 外在压力

　　1) Threat of litigation.

　　2) Threat of removal as assurance firm.

　　3) Threat of not being awarded non-audit engagements if disagree with directors’ accounting treatment.

　　4) Accountant threatened by audit partner of not being promoted within the firm if disagree with client.

　　5) Dominant personality of client director attempting to influence decisions.

　　6) Pressure to reduce inappropriately the extent of work performed in order to reduce fees.

　　另外一方面是要求对上诉各种threats给出一种应对措施即safeguards，那根据历年真题的总结，老师发现常见的safeguards其实无外乎以下几种：

　　第一种safeguard简单粗暴的是Decline拒绝，适用于被审计客户向审计师提供礼物和款待gifts and hospitality，向审计师提供特别待遇preferential treatment，或者是请求审计师替客户打官司，代表客户与税务局打交道等Advocacy threat涉及到的情形，都应当直接拒绝客户(尤其涉及礼物金额较大的情况下);

　　第二种常见的safeguard是Rotation of team member将“受到污染”的同事换掉，例如与被审计客户存在各种亲密关系，跟客户商讨聘用事宜，在客户那边有优惠利率的贷款，以及为客户提供记账，税务，咨询等服务，这类审计团队成员都应被剔除出该项目的审计团队;

　　另外一些safeguards则更多是见招拆招，如客户不支付审计费，我们就和他商定还钱的时间表;某个客户收费占比过高，就减少一些非审计服务;遇到客户的各种威胁和恐吓就可选择辞任审计师等等，我们可以根据具体情形给出相应的应对措施，所以并不建议大家对所有的threats都采用统一的safeguard，而是应该见招拆招，逐一化解。

　　希望通过上述总结，能帮助大家更好的解答职业道德部分的题目，争取这部分得到满分!

　　来源：ACCA学习帮